How the Philippines missed a US$3.8 billion Korean gambling racket

But all the while, and with far less scrutiny, South Korean syndicates were building a parallel industry worth billions of US dollars – one that a spate of recent arrests suggests is still very much intact.

The most recent involved a 29-year-old Korean woman named Kim Young-sun, who authorities allege ran a network of 23 illegal online betting websites out of offices in Pasay and Quezon City that raked in an estimated 5.33 trillion won (US$3.8 billion) between November 2018 and this year.

For almost a decade, Pogos dominated the headlines. Compounds linked to Chinese syndicates were exposed for human trafficking

, torture and fraud on a scale so shocking it triggered a congressional inquiry, presidential intervention and, eventually, a permanent ban

But while investigators trained their attention on those operations, an analogous Korean criminal economy was expanding largely unnoticed. Kim’s arrest and a related case unsealed by police in Seoul just weeks earlier suggest this economy had grown far larger than most realised.